Types of fighting What are the different types of fighting positions? Select all that apply. We've rounded up a selection of the best ones for your perusal. Learn about their history, techniques, and benefits. This article focuses on the latter grouping of these unique styles of martial arts. Asian arts can now be found in suburban storefronts in most major cities of Europe and North America. 【 ᐈ】Discover the best gamefowl breeds and bloodlines, including top characteristics, fighting styles, and effective crosses to improve your performance. Aug 19, 2025 · ⚡️ Quick Tips and Facts About MMA Types Welcome to the ultimate guide on how many types of MMA there are! If you’ve ever wondered why MMA fighters look so diverse in their fighting styles, or how the sport blends so many martial arts into one electrifying spectacle, you’re in the right place. Dec 23, 2024 · Different Types of Boxing Styles and Fighting Techniques to Dominate in the Ring Boxing features various techniques and fighting styles, each defined by its unique application to wear down an opponent. Martial arts can be grouped by type or focus, or alternatively by regional origin. There are hundreds of different fighting styles out there to choose from. All Top 10 Lists Sports Combat Top 10 Best Fighting Styles Fighting styles vary widely in their focus, techniques, and philosophies. A combat sport, or fighting sport, is a contact sport that usually involves one-on-one combat. Whether you’re a seasoned practitioner or just starting your journey, understanding the different types of martial arts can help you choose the style that best suits your goals. From ultimate martial arts masters to aspiring fighters, there’s a combative challenge waiting for everyone! Video. As a result of this, there are hundreds, if not thousands of variations of fighting styles within martial arts that have been created in a specific style. Mar 4, 2025 · Different types of fighting styles emphasize self-discipline, physical fitness, competition, or personal development in varying levels of importance. That’s why here I’ll explain the logic and fundamentals of different fighting stances across several martial arts. Some emphasize striking and aggressive offense, like Boxing or Muay Thai, while others prioritize defensive maneuvers and strategic approaches, such as in Taekwondo. There were many different types of gladiators in ancient Rome. Pokémon of this type are specialists in melee attacks, such as punches and kicks. Aug 24, 2024 · Street Fighter fighting style refers to the fictional combat techniques used by characters in the Street Fighter video game series. In training, students learn the same techniques as in other styles, notably BJJ. Learn about their unique techniques, cultural roots, and how they evolved over time in this blog. Utilizing the lightsaber, there are different styles in lightsaber combat AKA The Seven Forms of the Jedi Order: Shii-Cho, Makashi, Soresu, Ataru, Shien/Djem So, Niman, and Juyo/Vaapad. In many Asian martial arts, the most widely used stance is a shallow standing squat. Start your journey today! Mar 28, 2025 · Martial arts is a broad and fascinating field, encompassing various disciplines, each with its unique history, philosophy, and techniques. They ensure survivability for the weapon system and the crew. Sep 2, 2023 · Key Takeaways Weapon based martial arts use tools in their fight styles like swords, sticks or fans. This list serves as your gateway to the diverse and rich world of combat disciplines, self-defense systems, and physical philosophies that have shaped Dec 1, 2024 · Learn more about the types of martial arts and other trivia in the world of fighting on this comprehensive list! May 5, 2022 · Common MMA fighting styles First, let’s cover some of the most common MMA types of fighting styles that you will see in combat sports promotions like the UFC, Bellator, ONE Championship, and others. Jul 28, 2024 · Hybrid Fighting Styles Most martial arts use techniques found in other types of fighting styles. Discover practical tips for Jan 27, 2024 · Martial arts have been practiced for as long as humans have been fighting, and unique and distinct styles come from every corner of the world. This page provides details about major and minor grappling martial arts styles. From striking-based arts like boxing and Muay Thai to grappling-focused arts Aug 10, 2024 · 50 Powerful Martial Arts Styles You Need to Know About Posted: August 10, 2024 Embark on a Journey Through the World's Martial Arts Welcome to our comprehensive guide showcasing 50 of the most fascinating martial arts from around the globe. Aviation and military enthusiasts know that there are many different types of fighter jets. Aug 24, 2025 · Learn the different types of fighting sports and their names, including popular, traditional, and modern martial arts with techniques and events. Here's how to find the best martial art for you. Learn the importance of self defense, where to find the best self defense classes, and types of fighting styles here. We introduce 7 most commonly used styles that we will explained in details, including a video Discover the diverse types and unique characteristics of fighting bull breeds, perfect for informative articles or presentations. Whether you want to learn self-defense, improve yourself, or are just curious, here’s a complete list of 200+ martial arts styles. Fighting Chicken Breeds: FAQs And now, to the internet’s most asked questions regarding fighting chicken breeds, let’s jump in. Dec 14, 2021 · Wondering about the different types of fighting gloves and their uses? Our guide explains everything you need to know. When firefighters are trained, an important part of their education is learning… Fighting has three defensive weaknesses, five offensive weaknesses, five offensive type advantages, and one type that it cannot hit at all. Mar 18, 2024 · Among so many different titles and fighters, finding a favorite character or style in these incredible games can be a difficult task. Different gladiator types Jun 10, 2022 · Different types of martial arts are available to learn. These characters typically fall into distinct archetypes, although some may blend elements from multiple archetypes. Maybe we just need a little push, and that's what we bring to you! Aug 19, 2025 · ⚡️ Quick Tips and Facts About MMA Types Welcome to the ultimate guide on how many types of MMA there are! If you’ve ever wondered why MMA fighters look so diverse in their fighting styles, or how the sport blends so many martial arts into one electrifying spectacle, you’re in the right place. Any style Jul 24, 2023 · Here is our breakdown of the most used fighting stances in the world. Among diehard fighting-game fans, the titles that fit the classification of platform brawler would not be considered fighting games. The HEMA, Japanese martial arts, and Olympic Fencing are all forms of sword fighting. They all have different approaches, equipment, and areas of focus. How do you categorize them? We often say 3D fighter in relation to games like Tekken or Arena fighter for games like the Gundam one. Generally, they wore different kinds of armor and used different kinds of weapons. Here is a quick explanation of all of the Muay Thai styles. Here, I wanted to focus on the best striking martial arts, and I’ve found 15 Jun 10, 2022 · Different types of martial arts are available to learn. I can't link it here (mobile), but the theory essentially stated that all competitive players fall into one of those types. Many countries have their own type of weapon – based martial art. Aug 12, 2023 · Most casual fight fans think that Muay Thai is just one style of striking. The term is modern, and as such was mainly used to refer to smallsword fencing, but by extension it can also be applied to any martial art involving the use of a sword. Each archetype approaches the game from a different theoretical angle, and they all encompass The boxer-puncher possesses many of the qualities of the out-boxer: hand speed, often an outstanding jab combination, and/or counter-punching skills, better defense and accuracy than a slugger, while possessing brawler-type power. Examples include Arnis from the Philippines and Gatka from India. The strengths and weaknesses of the Fighting type in the Pokémon games, and a list of Fighting-type Pokémon. Aug 24, 2025 · Video: Every Martial Art Type Explained in 12 Minutes. These knives are popular among military and law enforcement Feb 20, 2024 · Fighting roosters, otherwise called fighting cocks, gamecocks, battle cocks, or gamefowl roosters, are bred and raised for their unique and vigorous combat style. archery, armed combat), by Classical times they were used generically for all fighting systems. Learn about popular styles like BJJ, Judo, Boxing and more. Pinning holds where both of the opponent's shoulders touch the ground Sep 2, 2021 · There are many different Muay Thai techniques and styles. Oct 21, 2023 · How Many Fighting Styles Are There in MMA? As the name mixed martial arts suggests, MMA is a combat sport that combines all forms of fighting styles to create the most potent combination of techniques and styles. Different traditions also focus on different sword types. A while ago, an article was released on shoryuken which detailed Laugh's theory on the three different types of fighting game players: the Brains, the Body, and the Heart. While we’ve provided a breakdown of each art below; in addition, we’ve summarized our findings by providing a martial arts comparison chart at the end of this article. They do various drills and self-defense tactics and simulate different scenarios. Indian martial arts refers to the fighting systems of the Indian subcontinent. Jul 30, 2022 · Explore the diverse world of martial arts: from Karate to Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Muay Thai to Taekwondo, learn about the types of martial arts shaping fighting. Jan 19, 2024 · Martial arts come from all corners of the world, each with its own particular style, origin, and purpose. These knives are popular among military and law enforcement Discover the different types of martial arts kicks and how to master them. Dec 2, 2023 · In every martial art and combat sport, the importance of a proper stance can never be underestimated. Tactical Knives Tactical knives are versatile tools that can be used in many situations. Jul 9, 2024 · What are the best martial arts training types for your dojo? Learn about the top 15 martial arts styles and benefits of combat sports. Murmillones were the equivalent of heavyweight boxers. Oct 14, 2025 · Various martial arts styles come from different places worldwide. Dec 11, 2023 · Fighting sticks are found worldwide in every culture, past and present. Spinjitzu Tornado of Creation Airjitzu Forbidden Spinjitzu Spinjitzu Burst Catjitzu Object Spinjitzu Shatterspin Rising Dragon Dragon Spinjitzu Art of the Silent Fist Triple Tiger Sashay Fang-Kwon-Do Karate Jujitzu Animal fighting styles (also known as Zoojitzu) Back-Flip Flying-Kick Strike of the Scorpion Shocked Monkey Pinched List of martial arts weapons Weapons used in the world's martial arts can be classified either by type of weapon or by the martial arts school using them. These styles are often exaggerated and combine elements from various martial arts, including boxing, karate, and kung fu. People learn about history, culture and self – defense by The Fighting type (かくとうタイプ, Kakutou taipu?) is one of the eighteen Pokémon elemental types. It could be said that they're the opposite to Psychic-type Pokémon because while Pokémon of that type depend primarily on special attacks, Pokémon of the Fighting type depend mostly on physical attacks The Pokemon Fighting, along with various images and sprites from the various Pokemon games. Sep 27, 2023 · Ready to rumble with the world’s most thrilling combative disciplines? Explore our combat sport list, ranked by popularity. Any style Aug 23, 2023 · Discover the evolution of medieval sword fighting styles and explore the best sword fighting styles with our expert guide. Apr 20, 2021 · What is MMA Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a full-contact combat sport that allows a wide variety of fighting techniques and skills from a mixture of other combat sports to be used in competition . A variety of terms are used for the English phrases "Indian martial arts", deriving from ancient sources. Swordsmanship or sword fighting refers to the skills and techniques used in combat and training with any type of sword. It also has three resistances. Nov 2, 2022 · Several types of Japanese sword fighting are popular among martial arts practitioners. Most of the renowned martial arts styles originated from Asia, but we also have some from other parts of the world. Throughout my journey in traditional martial arts and exposure to various fighting systems, I've come to appreciate how mastering different types of kicks in martial arts can transform both offensive Fighting-type The Fighting-type was introduced in Pokémon Red & Green in 1996. Jul 16, 2020 · This is a guide about hand to hand combat. There are many a Japanese sword fighting style to choose from. Sep 30, 2024 · Common Types of Fighting Knives Fighting knives come in various styles, each designed for specific purposes. In many combat sports, a contestant wins by scoring more points than the opponent, submitting the opponent with a hold, disabling the opponent (knockout, KO), or attacking the opponent in a specific or designated technique. Jan 10, 2023 · Get an overview of the different MMA fighting styles, including striking and grappling techniques. Retiarii carried a net and Neptune-like trident and lithely danced around the arena. Fighting is one of the 18 Pokémon types. These sports help people grow strong, fast, good at aim and able to think quick on their feet. Fighting games are a type of action game where two (in one-on-one fighting games) or more (in platform fighters) on-screen characters fight each other. Let’s face it. Even in the wild, they will routinely seek out the strongest Pokémon (or even human) in a given area just to fight them to test their skills and the physically strongest among them often rises to Jan 14, 2019 · Stick fighting methods from different stick fighting styles all over the world - this is your ultimate stick fighting guide. In general, the boxer-puncher lacks the mobility and defensive Dec 2, 2023 · Best Martial Arts for Self Defense Before we get started, I quickly wanted to explain how I ranked the most useful martial arts for self-defense. Likewise, both eastern and western cultures developed sophisticated fighting styles using this deadly weapon to its best advantage. [2][3][4][5] These games typically feature special moves that are triggered using rapid sequences of carefully timed button presses and joystick movements. Feb 5, 2025 · When exploring the different types of martial arts, it is essential to conduct a martial arts comparison to understand the differences in martial arts styles. Jul 3, 2025 · Key Takeaways Explore 25 diverse martial arts styles from Asia, Europe, the Americas, and beyond, each with unique techniques and cultural roots. You can also learn about Fighting's move lists, when Fighting learns certain moves, which TMs or HMs Fighting can learn, Fighting's evolution chain, how Fighting matches up against different attacks, and much more. Since many different fighting philosophies determine the fighting styles of the fighters in MMA, it’s hard to give an exact number for the total number of fighting styles. Martial arts are the types of fighting styles used in Ninjago. Jan 14, 2024 · Sharpen your knowledge of swordsmanship! This blog delves into the history, techniques, and cultural significance of various sword fighting styles around the world. Jan 7, 2025 · If you're a fan of MMA fighting, then keep reading. What is the Strongest Fighting Rooster? Oct 15, 2024 · Are you looking for some competitive fighting games? Here are the absolute best fighting video game titles of all time. You’ll get an Aug 10, 2022 · Types of Sword Fighting There are many different types of martial arts that teach how one can fight with a sword. To help you navigate through the different Martial Art types and make sense of which is right for you (or your kids), I’ve listed the top 12 most popular types of Martial Arts, in no particular order, with a brief 5 days ago · The Fighting type (Japanese: かくとうタイプ Fighting type) is one of the eighteen types. People learn about history, culture and self – defense by Which of the following defines the term fighting positon? A location on the ground from which fire is delivered by an individual, a fire unit, or a crew- served weapon. While they may seem to imply specific disciplines (e. Aug 23, 2023 · Discover the evolution of medieval sword fighting styles and explore the best sword fighting styles with our expert guide. Combat Sports List. Read it now. Jul 22, 2024 · Fighting game characters exhibit diverse movesets and attributes, yet many share common strategies with others. May 15, 2024 · Overall, it is important to have a thorough understanding of the facts and information around the growth of your fighting chicken breeds for whatever reason you choose. But despite the endless variety, almost all non-weapon techniques can be divided up into two distinct categories: striking and grappling. Most characters in fighting games can be categorized under one or two primary archetypes, helping players identify their strengths and playstyle preferences more The Pokémon below are the Pokémon of the Fighting-type. Although sword fighting is Dec 17, 2022 · It’s generally accepted that there are 4 different types of boxing styles, which are the out boxer, pressure fighter, slugger, and boxer puncher. Oct 18, 2021 · In summary, martial arts is an umbrella term that encompasses a wide variety of fighting techniques, which can be anything from weapons training to striking, grappling, and anything in between. Military strategies are methods of arranging and maneuvering large bodies of military forces during armed conflicts. In recent years, many schools started teaching several martial arts styles together, which is known as mixed martial arts and has been popularized by contests such as the Ultimate Fighting Championship. Although martial arts are primarily a physical Dec 30, 2022 · Are you wondering about the best martial arts for self-defense no matter where you are? In this article, we’ll look at the 7 best martial arts for self-defense and the reasons why they’re so effective. Aug 12, 2025 · Uncover the world of combat with our extensive list of martial arts! Whether for self-defense or as a hobby, find the martial arts style that suits you best. Expand your English vocabulary and skills through popular sports like boxing and wrestling. Aug 5, 2022 · Now that the fighting game experiment has been running for a good three decades, we've seen some patterns and come to some general conclusions about the efficiency of these various character types Swordsmanship is the art of killing with a sword. A retiarius ("net fighter") with a trident and cast net, fighting a secutor (79 AD mosaic). Jan 6, 2025 · From MMA to BJJ, there are many types of martial arts, and choosing the right one can be a tough decision. Similar to how maintaining a proper form during an exercise makes all the difference, a proper stance is the foundation of a fighter’s technique. Learn how martial arts offer physical fitness, mental focus, and spiritual growth —far beyond just fighting. Here's a complete guide to seven MMA fighting styles you should know about. Dec 13, 2023 · Learn about the history, culture, and techniques of various martial arts styles from around the world. Below is a description of each Muay Thai style and some of the most famous fighters known for using them. Two soldiers in a "crude north–south position " A pinning hold (also known as a hold down and in Japanese as osaekomi-waza, 抑え込み技, "pinning technique") is a general grappling hold used in ground fighting that is aimed to subdue by exerting superior control over an opponent and pinning the opponent to the ground. From striking-based arts like boxing and Muay Thai to grappling-focused arts Jan 27, 2024 · Martial arts have been practiced for as long as humans have been fighting, and unique and distinct styles come from every corner of the world. g. Discover 11 different types of martial arts and their origins. Here we list top 10 martial arts styles. Whether you train in something common like Boxing, or a more traditional martial art like Karate, there is an argument that can be made for Discover the unique techniques, rules, and cultural significance of various fighting styles. Some martial arts specialize in one or the other, but many teach both. Feb 24, 2023 · Almost every culture has its own ancient, indigenous fighting style. The boxer-puncher may also be more willing to fight in an aggressive swarmer-style than an out-boxer. In martial arts, stances are the distribution, foot orientation and body positions (particularly the legs and torso) adopted when attacking, defending, advancing, or retreating. Explore Muay Thai, Taekwondo, Tai Chi, Kickboxing, Karate, Kung Fu, and more in this comprehensive guide. Discover the Different Types of Martial Arts, from Karate and Taekwondo to Jiu-Jitsu and Muay Thai. This list of 180+ martial arts styles provides you with details about their techniques, kata & forms, history, etc. No matter where you are or what your focus is, there’s a martial art for you. Discover the top 30 types of Betta fish with colors, patterns, and tail varieties explained! Get insights and pictures for easy identification. Centered around martial arts expertise, fighting type Pokémon possess a strongly competitive nature, loving to battle even more than most Pokémon. Find out which kicks are best for different styles of martial arts. Learn about grading systems, key skills, and what it takes to master each discipline. Crucially, I’ve placed a huge emphasis on the best martial arts to learn in real-world scenarios. Jul 24, 2023 · Here is our breakdown of the most used fighting stances in the world. It covers martial arts such as Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Judo, Shuai Jiao and many more. Jul 16, 2025 · Discover combat sports list, their types, and interesting facts. When properly placed, allow that supported unit leader to best accomplish the mission by having the devastating fires to defend his position. Jul 3, 2025 · From the ancient temples of Shaolin to the modern MMA octagon, we’ve uncovered over 40 martial arts styles, each with its own unique flavor, philosophy, and fighting techniques. Jul 9, 2025 · Discover the different types of combat sports, from striking and grappling to MMA. Most modern cultures have also imported fighting arts from other parts of the world, adopting, adapting and making them their own. Fighter jets and pilots are a vital part of war times, and with the best fighter planes, you can significantly improve your chances of winning. This comprehensive guide compares popular martial arts, including Boxing, Muay Thai, Jiu-Jitsu, and more, providing insights for fighters, coaches, and enthusiasts. May 24, 2022 · There are a ton of different types of martiala arts. Oct 9, 2023 · Pro wrestling is famous in many parts of the world, but there are different types of styles ranging from Lucha Libre to hardcore wrestling. There is always this argument as to what should and what shouldn't be considered a fighting game but most can't deny that they are certain elements involved that make it close enough. The primary purpose of these roosters is to engage in bouts with other male chickens, highlighting their outstanding fighting characteristics, such as agility, strength, and assertiveness. Training is more realistic and in line with the type of fighting you may encounter on the streets. There are also more eclectic and adaptive styles like Jeet Kune Do or the self-defense-oriented Pankratiast in fighting stance, Ancient Greek red-figure amphora, 440 BC. They also practice block attacks, as well as how to grapple with opponents. List of Chinese Martial Arts & Fighting Styles List of American Martial Arts & Fighting Styles Training Videos Martial Arts Basics & Katas Training Videos Joint Locks & Takedowns Training Videos Ground Fighting Training Videos Martial Arts Stances & Blocks Training Videos Striking Techniques Training Videos Yoga, Pilates & Fitness Training Videos The Pokemon Fighting, along with various images and sprites from the various Pokemon games. Understand the differences between striking, grappling, and weapon-based arts to find your perfect fit. Here are some of the most common types: 1. However, boxer puncher is a combination of styles Apr 4, 2023 · Thinking of starting a Japanese martial art but don't know which to choose? Here's a guide to 10 different fighting styles, including karate, judo and aikido. Research different martial art types and explore the philosophies, techniques, and training approaches that align with the decided objective as well as individual capabilities. At present, there are 100 different Pokémon, including unique forms and Mega Evolutions, that share this type and 56 different moves with it. Apr 14, 2019 · Pages in category "Fighting-type moves" The following 57 pages are in this category, out of 57 total. Types of gladiators There were over two dozen different types of gladiators, distinguished from each other by the weapons they used, the armor they wore, the fighting styles they employed, and the events at which they fought. Apr 24, 2020 · The final type of fighting game comes with a little bit of controversy. The history, techniques, and benefits of various styles of quarter staff combat, as well as the concept of flow and its application to martial arts and life. Because the world of martial arts is so diverse with so many different styles of martial arts out there, choosing a martial arts style can be a mind-boggling undertaking. Oct 15, 2025 · Lightsaber combat, as used in the Star Wars universe, is one of the most popular fictional martial arts. Among the most common terms today, śastra-vidyā, is a As engineers and architects push structural limitations, all 5 construction classifications -- or a hybrid mix -- are currently recognized as ways to identify building types in order to help firefighters confront blazes with proper equipment and techniques. Historical European Martial Arts or HEMA The HEMA recreates the fighting styles of swordsmen based on treatises from the Late Middle Ages May 5, 2022 · Common MMA fighting styles First, let’s cover some of the most common MMA types of fighting styles that you will see in combat sports promotions like the UFC, Bellator, ONE Championship, and others. People who practice martial arts learn how to use hand strikes, punch and kicking techniques. Jan 17, 2022 · There are about 180 different types of martial arts globally, comprising thousands of fighting styles, techniques, and forms. Are you familiar with the most? If not, it's time to learn about them. Most characters in fighting games can be categorized under one or two primary archetypes, helping players identify their strengths and playstyle preferences more Apr 15, 2024 · How Many Types of Kicks are There in Martial Arts? Between the different fighting styles, there’s around a hundred types of kicks used within martial arts. There are actually various Muay Thai styles within the martial art that are practiced. They often have a serrated edge for cutting tough materials and a strong build for durability. Here we are going to go over each type of martial art fighting style and which is best for who. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is a fighting position?, What are the types of fighting positions?, What is a primary fighting position? and more. Below you will find a list of the most recognizable ones: Machine Gun Fighting Positions Fighting positions for machineguns are an integral part of their employment. There are times when you may need fighting skills, such as a home invasion, stalking, bar fights, assaults, and robberies, and I’ve focused in There were several different types of gladiators with their own specialty type of fighting, known as their armatura. All of these styles were designed to take advantage of the odd balance present within a lightsaber since Apr 20, 2021 · What is MMA Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a full-contact combat sport that allows a wide variety of fighting techniques and skills from a mixture of other combat sports to be used in competition Jun 26, 2010 · Both eastern and western martial arts traditions relied on the sword as a primary weapon form before the invention of gunpowder changed the practice of warfare. Over the centuries, many styles and techniques have been created and perfected. The most popular are, among others: karate, taekwondo and judo. Some types have been phased out, but there is still plenty of variety. To clarify Street Fighter is a different type of fighting game then Smash Bros. May 27, 2025 · Martial arts techniques represent the culmination of centuries of combat wisdom, with kicks standing as perhaps the most visually impressive and tactically diverse weapons in a fighter's arsenal. Detailing each of their characteristics and the purposes they serve. Aug 30, 2023 · Anime combat dazzles us with distinct styles, from Bleach's Bankai clashes to One Piece's Haki showdowns. Learn their history, martial arts schools, and training weapons. But instead of preparing for competition, GJJ students train for a real fight. Fighting-type moves are super effective against Dark -, Ice -, Normal -, Rock -, and Steel-type Pokémon, while Fighting-type Pokémon are weak to Flying -, Fairy -, and Psychic-type moves. Some of the first gladiators had been prisoners-of-war, and so some of the earliest types of gladiators were experienced fighters; Gauls, Samnites, and Thraeces (Thracians) used their native weapons and armor. Ever felt that surge of curiosity when you see a martial artist move with effortless grace or explosive power? Perhaps you’ve wondered if you… This article is a list of military strategies and concepts that are commonly recognized and referenced. Mar 28, 2025 · Martial arts is a broad and fascinating field, encompassing various disciplines, each with its unique history, philosophy, and techniques. &nbs